PERBEDAAN TOKOH DAN PENOKOHAN SERTA CONTOHNYA PADA NOVEL THE HOBBIT

Di dalam setiap cerita pasti memiliki unsur-unsur intrinsik yang berfungsi untuk membangun cerita tersebut. Unsur intrinsik dalam sebuah cerita antara lain; tema, alur, latar, tokoh, penokohan, sudut pandang, gaya cerita, dan amanat. Pada artikel ini akan lebih fokus membahas tokoh dan penokohan. Tokoh dan penokohan biasanya adalah dua hal yang saling berkaitan.

Tokoh adalah orang, hewan, makhluk, atau benda yang ada di dalam cerita. Tokoh adalah bahan baku yang paling aktif sebagai penggerak cerita. Namun, tokoh juga dapat berfungsi sebagai pembentuk bahkan pencipta alur yang disebut “tokoh sentral”. Menururut Aminudin (2010: 79) tokoh adalah pelaku yang mengemban peristiwa dalam cerita fiksi sehingga peristiwa itu mampu menjalin suatu cerita. Sedangkan menurut Abrams (dalam Nurgiyantoro, 2013: 247) tokoh cerita

(character) adalah orang (-orang) yang ditampilkan dalam sesuatu karya naratif, atau drama yang oleh pembaca ditafsirkan memiliki kualitas moral dan kecenderungan tertentu seperti yang diekspresikan dalam ucapan dan apa yang dilakukan dalam tindakan.

            Penokohan adalah cara pengarang menggambarkan atau melukiskan tokoh dalam cerita yang ditulisnya. Dalam penokohan watak atau karakter tokoh dapat dilihat melalui dialog tokoh, penjelasan tokoh, dan penggambaran fisik. Penokoham dan tokoh dalam sebuah cerita sangat erat kaitannya sebab perwatakan tokoh digambarkan melalui penampilan si tokoh.

            Tokoh itu sendiri ada beragam jenisnya. Di antaranya, tokoh utama, tokoh tambahan, tokoh protagonis, tokoh antagonis, tokoh sederhana, tokoh bulat, tokoh statis, tokoh berkembang, tokoh tipikal, dan tokoh netral. Penokohan juga ada beberapa jenis, yaitu; protagonis, antagonis, deutragonis, tritagonis, foil, dan utility.

            Contoh yang digunakan untuk membedakan tokoh dan penokohan adalah novel The Hobbit karya J.R.R. Tolkien. Novel bergenre fantasi ini memiliki 310 halaman pada edisi pertama yang terbit pada tahun 1937 di Britania Raya. Kelanjutan dari novel ini adalah Lord of The Rings yang diterbitkan dalam tiga buku. Novel ini dipilih karena memiliki banyak tokoh dengan karakter yang berbeda.

 a. Bilbo Baggins

Bilbo Baggins adalah tokoh utama di dalam novel The Hobbit. Ia memiliki karakter protagonis. Di dalam novel ia digambarkan sebagai seorang hobbit, makhluk yang tingginya setengah dari manusia dan lebih kecil daripada kurcaci.

Tinggi badannya separuh tinggi badan kita, dan lebih kecil daripada kurcaci

yang berjanggut. Hobbit tidak berjanggut. Mereka hampir-hampir

tidak memiliki keajaiban apa-apa, kecuali kepandaian menghilang

secara diam-diam dan cepat. … Biasanya perut mereka agak buncit.

Pakaian mereka berwarna cemerlang, terutama hijau dan kuning.

Mereka tidak bersepatu. Telapak kaki mereka sudah keras seperti sol

sepatu kulit, dan kaki mereka ditumbuhi rambut coklat keriting, seperti

rambut kepala mereka.

(Hal. 12)

Bilbo memiliki karakter yang penyabar dan selalu memiliki solusi di saat ia dan kumpulan para kurcaci sedang menghadapi masalah. Ia juga ahli dalam mengalihkan perhatian serta ahli dalam permainan tebak-tebakkan dan mencuri.

Digambarkan di dalam novel ia memiliki rupa dan tingkah laku yang mirip dengan ayahnya, Bungo Baggins serta usianya sudah lima puluh tahun.

Namun demikian, Bilbo, anak Belladona satu-satunya, punya

sedikit keanehan yang diwarisi dari pihak keluarga Took, meski

rupa dan tingkah lakunya sangat mirip dengan ayahnya yang

senang hidup tenteram dalam liangnya.

… Namun kesempatan ini tak pernah tiba, sampai Bilbo Baggins

sudah dewasa, sudah berusia lima puluhan, dan tinggal di dalam

liang-hobbit yang dibangun ayahnya, seperti tadi sudah diceritakan.

(Hal. 13-14)

b. Gandalf

Gandalf digambarkan sebagai sosok penyihir pengelana di dalam novel. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan ungkapan dari Bilbo Baggins mengenai sosok Gandalf.

“Gandalf, Gandalf! Ya ampun! Penyihir pengelana yang memberi

Old Took sepasang kancing kemeja intan yang bisa mengancing

sendiri dan tidak mau lepas kalau tidak diberi perintah? …” -Bilbo Baggins

(Hal. 16)

Ia adalah tokoh sederhana yang memiliki satu watak tertentu. Ia memiliki penokohan yang disebut deutragonis. Di dalam novel, ia kerap membantu Bilbo Baggins dan 13 kurcaci jika terjadi masalah, contohnya di saat mereka terpojok di atas pohon di pinggir tebing oleh pasukan Azog. Gandalf memiliki karakter sebagai penyihir yang baik serta suka menolong di saat genting dan ia juga yang mengenalkan 13 kurcaci kepada Bilbo Baggins. Gandalf memiliki karakter bertanggung jawab.

c. Thorin Oakenshield

Thorin adalah pemimpin dari pasukan kurcacinya yang masih tersisa. Ia adalah pewaris tahta selanjutnya setelah ayahnya. Thorin termasuk ke dalam tokoh bulat karena sisi kehidupan, kepribadian, dan jati dirinya diceritakan.

“Lama berselang, pada zaman kakekku Thror, keluargaku terusir

dari negeri yang letaknya jauh di Utara. Leluhurku ini kembali

dengan membawa semua harta kekayaan dan perkakas perang

mereka ke Gunung yang terdapat dalam peta ini. Gunung ini

ditemukan oleh leluhurku dari leluhurku, Thrain yang Tua. Lalu

mereka menggali dan membuat terowongan, serta ruangan-ruangan

dan bengkel-bengkel kerja yang lebih besar. Mereka juga menemukan

emas dan permata banyak sekali. Mereka menjadi kaya-raya dan termasyhur.

Kakekku sekali lagi menjadi Raja di bawah Gunung. Mereka semua diperlakukan

dengan hormat oleh manusia biasa yang tinggal di Selatan. Mereka bahkan

sedikit demi sedikit memperluas wilayah kekuasaan, serta memperlebar Sungai

Deras sepanjang lembah di kelindungan bayangan Gunung. …” -Thorin

(Hal. 35)

Thorin juga masuk ke dalam deutragonis yang di mana ia senantiasa memberikan bantuan untuk kelompoknya dan Bilbo. Thorin juga memiliki karakter lain yaitu tekad yang kuat untuk mengambil alih kembali Gunung dimana kerajaan Kurcaci berada yang penuh dengan harta berlimpah dari seekor naga bernama Smaug.

d. Dwalin

Dwalin merupakan anggota dari pasukan kurcaci Thorin. Ia termasuk ke dalam jenis tokoh statis karena dari penggambarannya ia memiliki karakter yang bijak dan selalu jadi penasihat untuk Thorin. Dwalin termasuk ke dalam deutragonis. Ia juga seorang pemberi saran untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah, contohnya di saat Bilbo Baggins dijadikan pengalihperhatian Smaug.

e. Fili, Kili, Balin, Oin, Gloin, Dori, Nori, Ori, Bifur, Bofur, dan Bombur

Para kurcaci ini jarang diceritakan di dalam novel. Mereka termasuk ke dalam tokoh sederhana. Sisi kehidupan mereka tidak diceritakan dalam buku. Mereka juga termasuk deutragonis. Mereka memiliki karakter yang selalu patuh dengan Thorin dan selalu menjadi pengikut setianya. Mereka sangat suka sekali makan serta bermain musik sambal bernyanyi.

Sebuah ketel kopi besar dijerang di atas api. Kue kacang

sudah habis, dan para Kurcaci ini sudah mulai makan bolu

kukus mentega.

(Hal. 21)

“Sekarang kita main musik!” kata Thorin. “Keluarkan semua

alat bunyi-bunyian!”

(Hal. 24)

f. Azog

    Azog adalah goblin bertangan satu yang selalu mengincar 13 kurcaci. Di dalam novel, pasukannya selalu mengejar para kurcaci, Bilbo Baggins, dan Gandalf. Demi menghindari pasukan Bolg, mereka harus mencari jalur lain menuju Kerajaan Bawah Tanah. Azog adalah tokoh antagonis dengan karakter antagonis juga. Ia mengejar para kurcaci dengan satu tujuan yaitu mengincar Thorin untuk memenggal kepalanya.

g. Gollum

    Makhluk yang sebagian besar masih menjadi misteri di The Hobbit. Dia tinggal sendirian jauh di bawah Pegunungan Berkabut di sebuah pulau di dalam danau yang gelap dan dingin. Dia kehilangan cincin ajaibnya, yang ditemukan Bilbo, dan melibatkan Bilbo dalam permainan teka-teki untuk mengulur waktu. Akhirnya Bilbo lolos dengan membawa cincin itu. Tokoh ini memiliki dua kepribadian di dalam dirinya. Sisi baik dan sisi jahat. Ia termasuk ke dalam tokoh statis yang tidak mengalami perubahan perwatakan apapun.

Visiting and Telling Hotel Web - Hotel Bumi Wiyata

 Hotel Bumi Wiyata is one of the hotel that exist in Depok. This is a continental plan hotel. From the website, it shows a lot of facilities that they offered to the guest. 

As you can see, the website give a lot of information section. Like, home, about, room, facilities, dining, wedding, meeting, and news. You can also book a room immediately when you open the website. In about section, there are information about the hotel; hotel profile, video tour, and image galleries.

This hotel give a lot of choices of types of rooms. You can see from the photo that they have Independence Day Package 2020, Junior, September Deal, Executive Suite, etc. It's nice to stay at hotel with a lot of types of rooms that we can choose.

Above are the list of facilities that the hotel offered. The hotel have Kenanga Lounge, Garden Caffe, Melati Caffe, Pool Caffetaria, Driving Range, Children Playground, Al-Ikhlas Mosque, Swimming Pool, Paint Ball War Game, Fitness Center, and Outbound Adventure. The facilities are quite complete. It also kid friendly because they can play paint ball, swimming, and doing outboung. There is also children playground.

For dining, there is a promo. I think it is very cheap for the meal in a hotel like this.

You can also hold a wedding in here. For marriage proposal and ceremony it started from Rp 17.000.000. If you want to use Balairung Budi Utomo the price start from Rp 169.000.000.

You also can hold a meeting or gathering in this hotel. There are four package, you can choose based on your need and of course budget.

If you want to know about event and promotion, you can click news section. In Hotel Bumi Wiyata you can also make a reservation. Another facilities from this hotel are free Wi-Fi, free parking, outdoor pool, free breakfast, accessible, and provides air conditioner.

Experience Using Accommodation in Tour

 Honestly, I never have been use accommodation while travelling. My family prefer to go home at night or early morning. Every time my family go for travel to some places, we usually leave in the morning. The reason is to avoid congestion on the toll road. Sometimes we will go home at afternoon or night. If we have to stay because we arrive at the night, we will stay at my father's friend house.

My family had travel to Yogyakarta. We went by a car. We left the house in the afternoon. On the way, we didn't book the hotel room. We prefer to sleep in the car until we arrived at our destination. Before we go home, my father told me to book two rooms in a hotel but I cancel it because my little brother wanted to go home immediately. So, that's my story. Not fun and lack of experience in travelling because my family is the type who doesn't really like to spend money on travelling.

Tour Package Task

 

Visiting Zoology Museum

 On July 12th, 2019, I went to the Zoology Museum with my best friend. We met at Bojong Gede Station and then continue our travel until we arrived at Bogor Station. From Bogor Station, we took an online car to drive us to the Zoology Museum. My reason why I went there was that for my subject assignment related to tourism.

We got off at the main door of Bogor Botanical Garden. Zoology Museum was in the area of Bogor Botanical Garden. I grew up in Bogor, more specifically in Cilebut but it was my first time visiting it. We bought two tickets if I'm not mistaken and then we took a walk to go to the Zoology Museum. My tips if you visited Bogor Botanical Garden without brought a vehicle like a car, please use sport shoes or any shoes that made your feet felt comfortable. At that time I wore my uncomfortable shoes and I'm afraid it would hurt my feet.

We walked for a minute and finally, we arrived at the Zoology Museum. When I have entered the museum it gave me that feeling when you want to go to the place that you dreaming of all this time. The situation in the museum was very quiet and not crowded. I saw several families who came and their parents explained the animals that were there to their children. I don't know why my feelings warmed when I saw it.

Then, we looked around and took some pictures for my assignment. Zoology museum has a lot of collection and I couldn't take every photo for their collection. I remembered I saw a huge rhinoceros, several types of birds that you can see when you first enter the museum, a collection of insects, mammals, and others. One Zoology museum's collection that was of particular interest was the enormous whale skeleton. The skeleton of this whale was at the end of our trip and it made me confused about how to get the photo from a good angle. I'm not good at taking pictures so I'm sorry.

After visited the Zoology museum, we walked again to Cactus Garden (I forgot the name but it was full of cactus). We took some photos again. Actually, we wanted to saw a Rafflesia but it was so far away from the Zoology Museum and the weather became hotter. So, we finished our trip and go back to our homes.

Tourism 2 - Topic 2 Travel Agency

 Visiting Travel Agency Task

I choose gogonesia website for this task. You can visit the website at https://www.gogonesia.com/

Gogonesia offering you a lot of destination places to visit. Started from several Indonesia's favorites places for tourist such as Bali, Lombok, Yogyakarta, Flores, Central Java, Raja Ampat, and Wakatobi. This travel agency also offers some countries to be visited like Korea, Japan, Australia, etc. The plus point of this travel agency website are they have Depok on the list which is very rare I guess for some travel agency to put this city on their list. Maybe they know some interesting places in Depok and maybe it can increase their profits. Gogonesia provides two language to choose, Bahasa Indonesia and English. It's really important for the travel agency website because the purpose to make the website not just for the domestic tourist but also international tourist.

Gogonesia also give us some offer with tour packages and the price is based on the destination that we choose and the facilities we will get.

To explore more about this website, I click Depok on destination places list. On the website, you will see that it is quite informative. There are information about Depok, the transportation to access to Depok, and information about 12 interesting destination in Depok. The 12 places you can visit while in Depok are Belimbing Dewa Agro Tourism, Golden Dome Mosque, 99 Trees Village, Depok White Sand, Depok Fantasy Water Park, Pancoran Mas Nature Reserve, etc.

On the website, they also give us the information about the tips for visiting Depok. The tips are included about what can we do in Depok, the food in Depok that we must to try, the transportation that we can use in Depok, the best time to visiting Depok, and information about Depok tourism office. All of that information is very useful for both domestic and international tourist that want to visit Depok.

Gogonesia also have Outbound and Outing package in Depok. You can choose one or both if you want.

This website is really fun to explore and of course it is really helpful for us if we want to go travel to some places. I think this website will be my first choice if I want to go to somewhere in the future.

I think that's all what I can say about this website. It's quite short but I hope it is useful for some people.

Ari Nurchotimah

11618044

3SA88

Zoological Museum as Fauna Learning Media to Children

Chapter I

Introduction

A.    Background

The museum is a permanent institution, non-profit, serving public needs, with an open nature, by conducting business collecting, conserving, researching, communicating, and showing real objects to the public for the needs of study, education and pleasure. Therefore, it can be used as a study material by academics, documentation of certain community characteristics, or documentation and imaginative thinking in the future. Since 1977, every May 18^th is celebrated as International Museum Day.

In Indonesia, the museum that was first built was the Radya Pustaka Museum. Besides that, the Elephant Museum is also known as the most complete collection in Indonesia, the Puppet Museum, Persada Soekarno, the Textile Museum and the National Gallery of Indonesia which specifically presents a collection of Indonesian modern art.

The museum has a variety of types, from large institutions and includes many categories, to small institutions that focus on a particular subject, location, or someone. In addition there is a universal museum whose collection represents the world and usually collections include art, science, history and natural history. The type and size of the museum is reflected in its collection. A museum usually has a core collection which is the most important object in its field.

Indonesia has many museums scattered throughout the archipelago. This museum is used as a medium of learning for children to get to know or know about history or whatever is presented in the museum. This is done to increase the knowledge and insight of Indonesian children about history, science, and others.

B.     Aim

The purpose of the research is about the Zoological Museum which is located in Bogor, West Java, namely:

1.      To find out the condition of the Zoological Museum

2.      To find out what are the facilities in the Zoological Museum

C.    Formulation of The Problem

1.      What is the Zoological Museum?

2.      What is the attraction at the Zoological Museum?

Chapter II

Discussion

A.    Zoological Museum

Bogor Zoological Museum is a museum located in Bogor, has collections related to the animal world such as various preserved specimens and animal fossils. The museum is divided into two, one of which is opened every day to the public which contains an exhibition room located on Jalan Ir. H. Juanda No. 9 Bogor, the other museum serves as a collection place and is only open to the public once a year in October, at the Cibinong Science Center precisely at Jalan Raya Jakarta - Bogor Km.46 Cibinong, Bogor. Both parts of the museum are managed by the Zoology Division of the Biology Research Center-LIPI.

In August 1894 Dr. J.C. Koningberger founded the Zoologicum Bogoriensis Museum (MZB), a part of ‘s Lands Plantentuin. The initial function was the zoology laboratory as a forum for research in agriculture and zoology, with the name Landbouw Zoologisch Museum. The construction of the new museum building was completed in late August 1931. The aim of the establishment of the museum was to collect and exhibit a collection of preserved animals from mammals, reptiles, insects, birds, amphibians, fish, and mollusks. Also, the set of concyologia from Java, especially the Dutch East Indies in general and the carcinoogical set including the types of shellfish from the Indonesian Archipelago.

The duties and obligations of the Zoological Museum are based on Government Decrees dated January 26, 1908 No.42 Department of Landbouw (Ministry of Agriculture). This museum joins the Laboratory in Bogor and with the Fisheries Station (Visserij station) in Batavia.

The Zoological Museum collection in the Widyasatwaloka building, Cibinong Science Center covers 3.5% of the number of species of fauna found in Indonesia, and from fauna diversity in Indonesia only 0.05% of examples of animals (specimens) possessed by the Zoology Field, Research Center Biology, LIPI.

1.      Mammals, the collection consists of various types of mammals collected from various islands in Indonesia. The total collection is 650 types, consisting of 30,000 examples of animals (specimens).

2.      Fish, a collection of various types of fish consists of 12,000 species represented by 140,000 examples of animals.

3.      Birds, collections are collected from East and West Indonesia. A total of 1,000 species, including 30,762 examples of animals. The collection room for storing bird specimens in the room is maintained at 22 ° C to keep the collection from being destroyed.

4.      Reptiles and amphibians, stored collections recorded 763 species, out of 19,937 animal samples.

5.      Mollusk, the collection of stored mollusks is 959 species of 13,146 animal samples.

6.      Insects are a group of animals with the largest number of collections. The Bogor Zoological Museum is the most complete and largest insect repository in Southeast Asia. Insect collection recorded 12,000 species, from 2,580,000 examples of animals.

7.      Other invertebrates consist of types of invertebrates, not mollusks and insects. Collections collected there are 700 types of 1,558 examples of animals.

B.     Attraction at the Zoological Museum

a)      Classic building

The Zoology Museum occupies a 1,000 square meter building with seven showrooms. In general, the condition of the building has been better and maintained even though the lighting is bleak because it functions so as not to change the color of the collection. The buildings around the building are also classic even though they are a bit fragile, but for those who like antiques, photography and horror, they will love it.

b)      Pope Pameungpeuk

The main icon in the Zoological Museum is the blue whale, which is the largest mammal in the world. The blue whale was found dead stranded on the coast of Pameunpeuk, Garut, in 1916. It took 44 days to carry its body 27 meters long and weigh 64 tons to Bogor. The appearance of the blue whale skeleton is the main attraction in the Zoological Museum.

c)      The Tasik Rhinoceros

This 2-ton male rhino from Tasikmalaya is the last rhino in the Priangan region after his partner died in 1914 due to being shot by poachers. To avoid the male being shot also finally put into the collection of the Zoological Museum in 1934.

d)      Big Fish from Jakarta Bay

Jakarta in the past produced abundant marine products. The collection is in the original Zoological Museum. There is a jangilus fish (Tetrapturus brevirostris) from a family of marlin fish that are like swords. The size of an adult, this fish was found in the Jakarta fish market in 1933.

C.    Strengths in the Zoological Museum

Before I visited the Zoological museum, many sources said that the musseum was hot, the lights were dim, there was no air conditioning. However, what I got was the opposite. The Zoological Museum is not as hot and not as scary as people say. I feel that the Zoological museum is still quite bright and not too hot. Some people who visit also look comfortable lingering inside.

The location of the Zoological Museum in the Bogor Botanical Gardens is a distinct advantage. Most people will visit the museum if they go to the botanical garden. After the museum can relax in the botanical garden, have a family picnic, or do other activities with the family.

In the museum, we can learn about fauna found throughout Indonesia. In the front corridor before entering the museum there is information about classes in kingdom animalia. After that we will go inside and see hundreds of species of birds, in the next room there are types of mammals, then the types of reptiles, insects, fish, and finally mollusks. All animals on display are native animals that are preserved so that they can give us an idea of ​​extinct animals that are like this.

A small map of the museum is also another advantage because the target of the museum was founded more to introduce the world of fauna to children. With a map like that will not make children feel tired and bored if the museum is built too large and large. Parents also need to be able to continue to make their children interested in what's inside the museum.

D.    The Importance of Knowing Fauna Diversity

Today, the number of faunas in Indonesia and abroad is decreasing every year. This is caused by illegal hunting and a lack of strict supervision of the fauna owned. In Indonesia alone, every year there is always a conflict between humans and animals because humans take the habitat area of ​​these animals which causes these animals to enter settlements to find food. The government should give a rule that it is not permissible to pass through the habitat of an animal to be used as a settlement or other building. As humans we must remember that we do not live alone on this earth. We have various types of animals and plants that we must care for and guard together.

The diminishing and even extinction of an animal eating knows the diversity of fauna is very important. We can still see animals that are protected at the zoo, seeing them move. But what about extinct animals? We can only see it through the skeleton contained in the museum and maybe never know more details about the animal. What is even sadder is that if the extinct animals have not had the chance to be preserved for collection in the museum, they will be forgotten. For this reason, knowing the diversity of fauna is also important. We can know and add to our insight into the world of fauna through the Zoological Museum which is the most comprehensive museum in Southeast Asia.

Chapter II

Closing

A.    Conclusion

The Zoological Museum is the most complete fauna museum in Southeast Asia. This museum attracts visitors when visiting the Bogor Botanical Gardens. The Zoological Museum with its complete collection can attract visitors with various icons in it. The average museum visitor is a family who intends to provide education about the world of fauna to their children. By visiting the Zoological museum, it is hoped that children will take part in preserving the animals in Indonesia from extinction.

B.     Suggestion

Overall there are no shortcomings in the Zoological Museum, but to maintain visitors' comfort, they still need to be considered clean. It aims to keep the museum crowded with visitors every day.